绿豆品种资源萌发期耐碱性鉴定

采用人工气候箱内培养皿培养,以混合碱Na HCO3∶Na2CO3(摩尔比)为9∶1模拟典型东北地区碱胁迫环境,在萌发期以50 mmol L–1溶液处理34份绿豆品种资源,蒸馏水处理为对照,每培养皿放30粒种子。培养第3天测定发芽势,第7天测定发芽率、下胚轴长、胚根长、下胚轴干重、胚根干重等指标,通过隶属函数法和聚类分析对参试材料耐碱性综合评价,并进行因子分析。利用隶属函数法对参试材料耐碱性排序表明,不同绿豆品种资源间表现出较大差异,聚类分析把参试材料按耐碱性强弱分为4大类,白绿11等9份材料为耐碱类型,公绿1号等19份材料为耐碱中间类型,吉绿3号等5份材料为碱敏感类型,潍绿7号为碱极敏感类型。因子分析结果表明,萌发指数、下胚轴干重、胚根长分别在萌发因子、生物量累积因子和伸长因子中的负荷量最大,可作为绿豆萌发期耐碱性鉴定的适宜指标。     

艾纳香内生真菌抗细菌和炭疽菌的活性研究

为获得丰富的艾纳香内生真菌资源,筛选出抗性生防菌株,用于活性次生代谢产物的发现,通过水琼脂法对海南产艾纳香进行内生真菌分离,通过ITS序列分析,对其进行鉴定和分析。采用滤纸片法评价内生真菌发酵产物对细菌的抑制活性,采用平板对峙培养法评价艾纳香内生真菌对植物炭疽菌的拮抗作用。本研究共分离鉴定出191株内生真菌,分属于27属,45种,其中优势菌属为Diaporthe、Paraphoma、Ectophoma、Penicillium、Talaromyces、Hypoxylon、Phomopsis、Colletotrichum和Fusarium。抗细菌活性结果显示,Clonostachys、Fusarium和Diapothe属活性较强。抗炭疽病菌试验显示,Talaromyces、Ectophoma和Penicillium属活性较强。本研究初步探讨了海南产艾纳香内生真菌种类的多样性,并首次对其进行了抗病原菌活性筛查,获得的活性菌株可作为微生物源菌剂开发的重要材料。     

玉米花丝多糖的提取制备与抑菌作用研究

本研究以玉米花丝为原料提取多糖。选取花丝类型、花丝和水的比例、温度和时间4个因素,采用L9(34)正交设计,两次重复。结果表明:玉米花丝多糖提取的最佳方法为:采用老花丝,花丝和水比例为1:6,60℃水浴2.5 h,提取率为3.65%。通过浓缩、离心、沉淀等过程,并去除蛋白质、色素等杂质,得到玉米花丝粗多糖。将粗多糖进行甲醇分级纯化,得到4种纯化多糖。再将4种多糖各配制成6种浓度,对活化后的8种细菌和4种真菌进行抑菌试验,测量抑菌圈直径,比较抑菌效果。结果表明:玉米花丝多糖对细菌有明显的抑制作用,对真菌也有一定的抑制作用,抑菌圈直径为11.5 mm。其中,以40%甲醇浓度,4000 r/min和45%甲醇浓度,5000 r/min进行离心分离的多糖对细菌和真菌的抑制效果较好。     

水杨酸和脱落酸浸种对低温下扁蓿豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为筛选出提高低温下扁蓿豆（Medicago ruthenica）种子发芽能力的处理措施,本研究选取水杨酸（salicylic acid,SA）和脱落酸（abscisic acid,ABA）分别对扁蓿豆进行了7种不同浓度的浸种处理,测定了2种外源物质对低温下扁蓿豆种子发芽势﹑发芽率﹑发芽指数﹑活力指数、根长和芽长的影响。结果表明,2种外源物质浸种处理下扁蓿豆种子的发芽势﹑发芽率﹑发芽指数﹑活力指数,根长和芽长均呈先升高后降低的趋势,初次发芽天数无变化。供试处理中,低浓度的SA（0.1～10 μmol·L^-1）和ABA（0.001～0.5 μmol·L^-1）对扁蓿豆种子萌发﹑根长和芽长均有促进作用,且对根长和芽长的促进效果较种子萌发好,高浓度的SA（>20 μmol·L^-1）和ABA（>1 μmol·L^-1）显著抑制了种子萌发及根和芽的伸长（P<0.05）。通过模糊数学隶属函数的综合评价,0.05 μmol·L^-1的ABA浸种处理是低温下促进扁蓿豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳浓度。     

多叶羽扇豆种子发芽条件的研究

在不同温度条件下,对多叶羽扇豆(Lupinus polyphyllus lindl)进行发芽试验,并利用不同药剂对多叶羽扇豆的硬实种子进行处理,得出以下结论:多叶羽扇豆发芽的最适温度在20℃左右,其发芽势计算应以前5 d发芽数为标准,其硬实种子采用浓硫酸处理2～5min发芽效果最好.     

温度对紫色辣椒新品系YN 99007萌发及某些生理指标的影响

用6种温度(40、35、30、25、20、15℃)处理紫色辣椒新品系YN 99007进行发芽试验(以日本天鹰椒作为对照),研究各温度下的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、芽长、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量及质膜透性(PMP)等指标.结果表明:紫色辣椒YN 99007的发芽适宜温度范围为20～35℃,40℃和15℃下发芽优于对照品种;抗逆温生理特性亦优于对照品种.     

“破眠3号”促进一年两熟葡萄结果母枝萌芽试验初报

针对桂南地区鲜食葡萄生产一年两熟茬果的结果母枝萌芽率低和萌芽不整齐的现状,利用广西农科院园艺研究所、南方葡萄研究中心研制成功的外源调节剂"破眠3号"对巨峰、无核早红、户太一8、巨玫瑰、V28葡萄品种结果的母枝进行短截后施药催芽试验。结果表明,夏茬果以破眠3号20倍药液比30倍液萌芽率分别高11.61%、5.19%、5.79%、6.60%和13.18%,比对照分别高17.95%、22.18%、26.65%、28.46%和30.99%。冬茬果以破眠3号20倍药液催芽的萌芽率比30倍分别高9.48%、1.29%、6.14%、2.65%和3.53%,比对照分别高69.76%、56.28%6、1.67%、64.22%和68.09%。有利于促进桂南地区葡萄一年两熟生产的进一步提高和发展。     

Identification and distribution of fungal pathogens associated with seedling blight of rice in the southern United States

Surveys were conducted in the five southern rice-producing states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri and Texas in the United States during the 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons to determine the distribution and pathogenicity of fungal pathogens associated with seedling blight in rice. A total of 349 pathogenic fungal isolates were collected and identified as belonging to four genera: Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp., Sclerotium rolfsii and Marasmius graminum based on morphological characteristics, molecular analysis and Koch's postulates. R. solani (252 out of 349 pathogenic isolates) was the most prevalent fungus isolated from diseased samples. Of the 252 pathogenic R. solani isolates, 245 were further classified as anastomosis group 11 (AG-11) and 7 as AG-4. Isolates of R. solani AG-4 and M. graminum were the most aggressive, with the highest stand loss (63% to 100%) and median disease rating (DR; 5.0), followed by isolates of R. solani AG-11 (stand loss = 4% to 100% and DR = 0.6 to 5.0), Fusarium spp. (stand loss = 26% to 48% and DR = 2.0 to 5.0) and S. rolfsii (stand loss = 33% to 48% and DR = 2.0 to 3.0) in causing seedling blight in rice. R. solani (62% to 83% of total pathogenic isolates) and Fusarium spp. (10% to 24% of total pathogenic isolates) were predominant in all the five states surveyed. S. rolfsii and M. graminum were present only in Louisiana and Texas. The results of this first systematic survey of rice seedling diseases in the southern United States will help develop effective fungicide seed treatment strategies for control of stand loss caused by seedling blight, one of the major factors limiting rice production.     

Characterization,phylogenetic analyses and pathogenicity of Bipolaris setariae associated with brown stripe disease on sugarcane in Yunnan,China

Brown stripe disease is a severe foliar fungal disease of sugarcane worldwide and is widespread in all sugarcane planting areas in China. Brown stripe is a major disease that seriously affects the output and quality of the sugarcane industry in Yunnan Province, China's second-largest sugar base, while the pathogen of this disease remains not yet fully understood. To address this, we isolated and identified the fungi associated with 68 leaf samples showing typical symptoms of brown stripe from 22 sugarcane varieties in different areas of Yunnan Province. A total of 113 isolates were obtained, which were morphologically similar. Of these, 64 representative isolates were sequenced for the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), GAPDH and EF-1α loci. All representative isolates grouped with the type strain of Bipolaris setariae in the phylogenetic trees inferred with individual and concatenated sequences of ITS, GAPDH and EF1-α. Pathogenicity test results showed that B. setariae strains were able to induce typical symptoms of brown stripe. The results obtained in this study clarify that only B. setariae is associated with sugarcane brown stripe in Yunnan, China. It is recorded here for the first time as a pathogen causing sugarcane brown stripe in Yunnan, and it is able to infect many major cultivars and new varieties, posing a new threat to the sugar industry in Yunnan Province. In addition, these results provide the scientific basis for the future breeding of disease-resistant varieties and effective prevention and control of sugarcane brown stripe disease.     

外源ACC通过激活乙烯合成及信号转导诱导小豆抗锈性

大量研究表明, 乙烯可激发植物对死体营养型真菌的抗性, 但我们前期研究发现, 乙烯合成前体ACC可提高小豆对活体营养型真菌——锈菌的抗性, 为初步明确其机制, 本研究分析了ACC处理对小豆乙烯合成及信号转导的影响, 结果表明, ACC处理显著提高了乙烯合成基因VaACS1及信号通路关键基因VaEIN2?VaEIN3?VaERF5的表达水平?此外, ACC处理后再接种锈菌, 小豆锈病的发病程度显著降低?对接种锈菌后不同时间VaPR2和VaPR4的表达分析表明, 相比ACC处理后不接种对照, ACC处理后再接种锈菌的处理, 接种后1~5 d这两个基因表达量显著升高; 与水处理不接种锈菌相比, 水处理接种锈菌5~8 d后VaPR2和VaPR4的表达量虽显著上调, 但应答时间较ACC处理滞后, 且总体表达水平低, 表明ACC激活乙烯通路进而诱导防卫反应基因上调表达是其诱导小豆抗锈性的关键?